Genetic diversity of North American popcorn and its relationship with Mexican and South American popcorns

To determine the genetic diversity and relationships among representative popcorns of the New World, 56 accessions coming from the United States and nine Latin American countries, were characterized for 29 morphological traits, 18 isozyme loci and 31 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Means, ranges, standard deviations and within-plot variances were estimated from morphological data, whereas, for molecular markers, expected heterozygosity, number of alleles per locus, proportion of polymorphic loci and F-statistics were estimated to determine genetic diversity and population structure. Principal component, cluster and discriminant analyses were performed using standardized morphological data and allelic frequencies from isozyme and SSR loci, to elucidate potential patterns of grouping among accessions, according to their geographical and historical relationships. Results of the three lines of evidence indicate that popcorn accessions from the United States have reduced genetic diversity in comparison with their counterparts of Latin America; however, genetic variability in the North American popcorns is not uniformly distributed, being the Yellow, pearl-type group of popcorns the least genetically diverse, followed by the Pointed and Early groups of popcorn. Three groups of popcorn, with distinctive morphological characteristics and genetic profiles, were identified in the North American populations. The first group includes the yellow, pearl-type varieties, which are currently the most important for commercial production. This group could be derived from introductions of the race Curagua from Chile into New England in the 19th century. The second group includes the pointed, rice-type varieties, which probably originated from the complex of traditional races of pointed popcorns from Latin America, such as Palomero Toluqueno, Confite Puntiagudo, Canguil and Pisankalla, which diffused from the highlands of central Mexico into northern Mexico and then into southwestern United States. The third group includes the early, short-statured varieties, which have marked influence of Northern Flint maize, from which they probably acquired earliness, and probably they also have influence from maize of northwestern Mexico and even from early European varieties of popcorn introduced in the 19th century. It is proposed that the groups of popcorn identified in this study can be equated to the category of races

Inducción eficiente de brotes adventicios en cotiledones de Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski

Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski is a nut pine native to Mexico that currently is considered as an endangered species because of disturbance of populations and natural habitat, as well as its limited geographic distribution. Even though such technologies as tissue culture could represent an alternative for its conservation and propagation, the existing literature for this pine is scarce. In this paper a protocol that allows an efficient differentiation of adventitious shoots for this species is presented. Different types of explants (embryos and cotyledons) were evaluated regarding their capacity to differentiate adventitious shoots. Explants from cotyledons showed the best response, so they were cultivated in a modified Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with four different concentrations (2.2-16.8 mg L-1) of N6-benzyladenine (BA). Percentages of explants forming shoots and number of shoots developed per explant were statistically different among the tested concentrations. The 16.8 mg L-1 of BA concentration induced the largest percentage of explants forming shoots (53.5) and the highest number of shoots developed per explant (29.1) after 14 weeks of culture. Three percent of the individual shoots produced roots. The developed methodology allows differentiation of adventitious shoots of Pinus maximartinezii from cotyledon explants, with a multiplication rate significantly higher than the one obtained by other authors.Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski es una especie de piñonero originaria de México, considerada en peligro de extinción debido a la alteración de sus poblaciones y de su hábitat, así como a su distribución geográfica restringida. A pesar de que tecnologías como el cultivo de tejidos podrían ser una alternativa para su conservación y propagación, la literatura existente al respecto es escasa. En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo que permite la diferenciación eficiente de brotes adventicios de este taxon. Se probaron embriones y cotiledones en cuanto a su capacidad para formar yemas adventicias. Los segundos mostraron la mejor respuesta y fueron entonces cultivados en el medio de Schenk y Hildebrandt (SH) modificado, suplementado con cuatro concentraciones (2.2 a 16.8 mg L-1) deN6-benciladenina (BA). El porcentaje de explantes que produjeron brotes y el número de brotes formados en éstos fue estadísticamente diferente entre los niveles de BA probados; con 16.8 mg L-1 se indujo el mayor porcentaje de órganos que formaron brotes (53.5) y el número más alto de brotes generados por explante (29.1) a las 14 semanas de cultivo; de los vástagos individualizados, 3% formó raíces. La metodología desarrollada permite la diferenciación de yemas adventicias de P. maximartinezii a partir del cultivo de cotiledones, con una tasa de multiplicación significativamente superior a la obtenida por otros autores

Inducción eficiente de brotes adventicios en cotiledones de Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski

Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski is a nut pine native to Mexico that currently is considered as an endangered species because of disturbance of populations and natural habitat, as well as its limited geographic distribution. Even though such technologies as tissue culture could represent an alternative for its conservation and propagation, the existing literature for this pine is scarce. In this paper a protocol that allows an efficient differentiation of adventitious shoots for this species is presented. Different types of explants (embryos and cotyledons) were evaluated regarding their capacity to differentiate adventitious shoots. Explants from cotyledons showed the best response, so they were cultivated in a modified Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium supplemented with four different concentrations (2.2-16.8 mg L-1) of N6-benzyladenine (BA). Percentages of explants forming shoots and number of shoots developed per explant were statistically different among the tested concentrations. The 16.8 mg L-1 of BA concentration induced the largest percentage of explants forming shoots (53.5) and the highest number of shoots developed per explant (29.1) after 14 weeks of culture. Three percent of the individual shoots produced roots. The developed methodology allows differentiation of adventitious shoots of Pinus maximartinezii from cotyledon explants, with a multiplication rate significantly higher than the one obtained by other authors.Pinus maximartinezii Rzedowski es una especie de piñonero originaria de México, considerada en peligro de extinción debido a la alteración de sus poblaciones y de su hábitat, así como a su distribución geográfica restringida. A pesar de que tecnologías como el cultivo de tejidos podrían ser una alternativa para su conservación y propagación, la literatura existente al respecto es escasa. En este trabajo se presenta un protocolo que permite la diferenciación eficiente de brotes adventicios de este taxon. Se probaron embriones y cotiledones en cuanto a su capacidad para formar yemas adventicias. Los segundos mostraron la mejor respuesta y fueron entonces cultivados en el medio de Schenk y Hildebrandt (SH) modificado, suplementado con cuatro concentraciones (2.2 a 16.8 mg L-1) deN6-benciladenina (BA). El porcentaje de explantes que produjeron brotes y el número de brotes formados en éstos fue estadísticamente diferente entre los niveles de BA probados; con 16.8 mg L-1 se indujo el mayor porcentaje de órganos que formaron brotes (53.5) y el número más alto de brotes generados por explante (29.1) a las 14 semanas de cultivo; de los vástagos individualizados, 3% formó raíces. La metodología desarrollada permite la diferenciación de yemas adventicias de P. maximartinezii a partir del cultivo de cotiledones, con una tasa de multiplicación significativamente superior a la obtenida por otros autores

Intra-racial variation of maize landraces from the highlands of Puebla, Mexico

En el altiplano del estado de Puebla, México, se ha estudiado la diversidad existente en poblaciones nativas de maíz a través de la asociación de éstas con alguna de las razas reportadas para valles altos; sin embargo, la variación de las poblaciones dentro de esas razas ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente a poblaciones de maíces nativos del altiplano del estado de Puebla y definir las relaciones existentes entre y dentro de las razas a las que pertenecen. En 2012 se evaluaron 41 poblaciones nativas de maíz procedentes de las regiones de los valles de Serdán, Libres-Huamantla y Puebla; se incluyeron 19 testigos raciales, dos testigos comerciales y dos variedades experimentales. Se registraron 40 variables morfológicas y se aplicó un análisis de varianza, además de técnicas multivariadas como el análisis discriminante stepwise, componentes principales y de conglomerados. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas entre poblaciones para la mayoría de las variables, lo que se considera un indicador de diversidad. Las poblaciones nativas se asociaron con las razas Chalqueño, Cónico, Elotes Cónicos y con la sub-raza Elotes Chalqueños. Se identificó variación dentro de los grupos resultantes, lo que sugiere que el ambiente y el proceso dinámico de selección de los agricultores sobre las poblaciones nativas de maíz en el altiplano del estado de Puebla, favorecen una variación entre y dentro de grupos representativos de las razas en esta zona. La variación identificada puede ser la base para el mejoramiento y conservación in situ de razas de maíz.Diversity among native maize populations in the highlands of the state of Puebla, Mexico has been studied through the association of those populations with some of the reported maize races; however, population variation within races has been little studied. The aim of the study was to characterize morphologically populations of native maize from the highlands of the state of Puebla and to define relationships among and within races to which they belong. In 2012, 41 native maize populations from the valleys of Serdan, Libres-Huamantla and Puebla were evaluated; 19 representative-race popula- tions, two commercial and two experimental populations were included as controls in the trials. Forty morphological variables were recorded and an analysis of variance was applied, as well as multivariate techniques such as discriminant stepwise, principal component and cluster analyses. Statistical differences among populations for most of the variables were detected and it is considered as an indicator of diversity. Native populations were associated with Chalqueño, Conico, and Elotes Conicos races and with sub-race Elotes Chalqueños. Variation among and within groups was identified, suggesting that the environment and the dynamic process of selection from the farmers on native maize populations in the highlands of the state of Puebla, support an important variation among and within groups representative of the maize races in this area. On the basis of the identified variation, breeding and conservation in situ of maize races can be carried out.Fil: Flores-Pérez, Luis. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Puebla (México)Fil: López, Pedro Antonio. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Puebla (México)Fil: Gil-Muñoz, Abel. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Puebla (México)Fil: Santacruz-Varela, Amalio. Colegio de Postgraduados. Campus Montecillo (México)Fil: Chávez-Servia, José Luis. Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Oaxaca, México

Effect of source and concentration of zinc on growth performance, meat quality and mineral retention in New Zealand rabbits

[EN] Zinc supplementation in rabbit diet favours deposition of this mineral in meat and, therefore, contributes to satisfying the daily requirements of Zn in humans that consume it. A trial was conducted to study the effect of two sources (ZnSO4 and Zn-methionate) and two concentrations of Zn, along with a control (without Zn supplementation), on weight gain, meat quality and muscle retention in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits during fattening stage. Treatments were randomly assigned to 100 NZW rabbits 40 days old, in a completely randomised experimental design using a factorial arrangement of treatments (2×2+control). The experimental period was 30 d. In each experimental treatment, weight gain, feed consumption and meat quality were recorded, as well as the retention of Zn in serum, liver, loin and hind leg. Results showed no differences (P>0.05) in weight gain and food consumption, which can be attributed to diet-added Zn sources (ZnSO4 and Zn-methionate). Food conversion was better with the organic source at the highest concentration (P<0.05). Regarding meat quality, no differences were found (P>0.05) in hind legs for source effect and Zn concentration, while in loin, differences (P=0.02) were found in the colour parameter of L* and B* when the organic source of Zn (Zn-methionate) was supplied. Most retention of Zn on the loin occurred when a concentration of 25 mg Zn kg–1 of Zn-methionate was added, which could be important to provide larger amounts of Zn for human consumption.Luis-Chincoya, H.; Herrera-Haro, JG.; Pro-Martínez, A.; Santacruz-Varela, A.; Jerez-Salas, MP. (2021). Effect of source and concentration of zinc on growth performance, meat quality and mineral retention in New Zealand rabbits. World Rabbit Science. 29(3):151-159. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/173606OJS15115929

Resposta fotossintética de citros a isolados de Citrus tristeza virus com potencial para proteção cruzada

The objective of this work was to evaluate the photosynthetic response of citrus varieties to the inoculation of isolates T30 and T3 of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) characterized as having potential to provide cross‑protection against severe CTV isolates in citrus. Citrus plants of 'Campbell' orange, 'Persian' lime, and 'Key' lime were subjected to inoculations by both isolates by patch. Noninoculated plants were used as the control. Symptom expression, photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance were evaluated by IRGA. Stomatal density and size were evaluated by epidermal impressions. The CTV isolates were also evaluated and molecularly characterized by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime plants remained asymptomatic after the inoculations. The inoculation treatments with both CTV isolates did not reduce photosynthetic capacity, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance, in comparison with the control. Stomatal density and size varied according to the citrus species. T30 and T3 do not affect the photosynthetic responses of 'Campbell' orange and 'Persian' lime; therefore, these isolates have the potential to provide cross-protection to citrus varieties against severe isolates of CTV.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta fotossintética de variedades de citros submetidas à inoculação dos isolados T30 e T3 de Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) caracterizados como tendo potencial para conferir proteção cruzada a citros contra isolados severos de CTV. Plantas de citros de laranja 'Campbell', limão 'Tahiti' e limão 'Galego' foram submetidas à inoculação de ambos os isolados por “patch”. Plantas não inoculadas foram utilizadas como controle. A expressão dos sintomas,  as taxas fotossintética e de transpiração, e a condutância estomática foram avaliadas por IRGA. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos foram avaliados por impressões epidérmicas. Os isolados de CTV também foram avaliados e caracterizados molecularmente por RT-PCR e sequenciamento de Sanger. As plantas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti' permaneceram assintomáticas após as inoculações. Os tratamentos de inoculação com ambos os isolados de CTV não reduziram capacidade fotossintética, taxas de transpiração e condutância estomática, em comparação ao controle. A densidade e o tamanho estomáticos variaram de acordo com a espécie. T30 e T3 não afetam as respostas fotossintéticas de laranja 'Campbell' e limão 'Tahiti'; portanto, estes isolados têm potencial para promover proteção cruzada a variedades de citros contra isolados severos de CTV

Variación intra-racial de maíces nativos del altiplano de Puebla, México

Diversity among native maize populations in the highlands of the state of Puebla, Mexico has been studied through the association of those populations with some of the reported maize races; however, population variation within races has been little studied. The aim of the study was to characterize morphologically  populations of native maize from the highlands of the state of Puebla and to define relationships among and within races to which they belong. In 2012, 41 native  maize populations from the valleys of Serdan, Libres-Huamantla and Puebla were evaluated; 19 representative-race populations,  two commercial and  two experimental populations were included as controls in the trials. Forty morphological variables were recorded and an analysis of variance was applied, as  ell as multivariate techniques such as discriminant stepwise, principal  component and cluster analyses. Statistical differences among populations for most of  he variables were detected and it is considered as an indicator of diversity. Native populations were associated with Chalqueño, Conico, and Elotes Conicos  aces and with sub-race Elotes Chalqueños. Variation among and within groups was identified, suggesting that the environment and the dynamic process of  selection from the farmers on native maize populations in the highlands of the state of Puebla, support an important variation among and within groups  representative of the maize races in this area. On the basis of the identified variation, breeding and conservation in situ of maize races can be carried out.En el altiplano del estado de Puebla, México, se ha estudiado la diversidad existente en poblaciones nativas de maíz a través de la asociación de éstas con alguna de las razas reportadas para valles altos; sin embargo, la variación de las poblaciones dentro de esas razas ha sido poco estudiada. El objetivo del  estudio fue caracterizar morfológicamente a poblaciones de maíces nativos del altiplano del estado de Puebla y definir las relaciones existentes entre y dentro  de las razas a las que pertenecen. En 2012 se evaluaron 41 poblaciones nativas de maíz procedentes de las regiones de los valles de Serdán, Libres- Huamantla y Puebla; se incluyeron 19 testigos raciales, dos testigos comerciales y dos variedades experimentales. Se registraron 40 variables morfológicas y   e aplicó un análisis de varianza, además de técnicas multivariadas como el análisis discriminante stepwise, componentes principales y de conglomerados.  Se detectaron  diferencias estadísticas entre poblaciones para la mayoría de las variables, lo que se considera un indicador de diversidad. Las poblaciones  ativas se asociaron con las razas  Chalqueño, Cónico, Elotes Cónicos y con la sub-raza Elotes Chalqueños. Se identificó variación dentro de los grupos  esultantes, lo que sugiere que el ambiente y el proceso  dinámico de selección de los agricultores sobre las poblaciones nativas de maíz en el altiplano del  stado de Puebla, favorecen una variación entre y dentro de grupos representativos  de las razas en esta zona. La variación identificada puede ser la base para  el mejoramiento y conservación in situ de razas de maíz

Characterization of mamey [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) Moore & Stearn] in the Totonacapan Poblano region of Puebla, Mexico

Abstract The mamey is a fruit tree that is distributed in the Totonacapan Poblano, which has the potential to generate development in that region. It is part of an environmental ecological system that presents morphological variations in size, leaves and fruit. The objective of this study was to morphologically characterize the mamey in 10 municipalities of the Sierra Nororiental of Puebla (Totonacapan Poblano), Mexico. 206 samples were evaluated using qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptors, using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Eight groups were formed; the tree and leaf variables turned out to be the most important for grouping the samples. The descriptors that contributed the most to the group were those related to the shape, height and size of the tree, the weight, size and shape of the leaf and in relation to the fruit the descriptor that contributed the most was the shape. Keywords: morphological diversity, conglomerates, Sierra Norte of Puebla, Sapotaceae.Objective: The objective of this study was to morphologically characterize mamey in 10 municipalities of the Sierra Nororiental of Puebla (Totonacapan Poblano), Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: In the study, 206 accessions obtained from simple random sampling using qualitative and quantitative morphological descriptors were evaluated, using an analysis of variance, principal components and hierarchical cluster analysis with the Gower distance and the Ward grouping method. Results: Quantitative descriptors had high coefficients of variability (12.66% to 43.40%). The principal components analysis indicated that components 1 (41.66%), 2 (19.97%) and 3 (16.62%) accounted for 78.25% of the variance and the cluster analysis identified eight groups; the tree and leaf variables turned out to be the most important to group the samples. Limitations on study/implications: For greater accuracy on the morphological diversity of mamey, it is necessary to include more descriptors of the fruit and the flower. Findings/conclusions: The descriptors that contributed the most to the grouping were those related to the shape, height and size of the tree, and the weight, size and shape of the leaf; in relation to the fruit, the descriptor that contributed the most was the shape. These results could be useful in programs of conservation, improvement, and use of the mamey

Race diversity in dryland maize (Zea mays L.) landraces from southern Nuevo León, Mexico

This study was done for reviewing the diversity and distribution of native maize grown at southern Nuevo León, Mexico, in 40 accessions collected in the area. Information obtained was on the production unit and on the ears traits, according to the CONABIO guidelines. In this area maize is usually grown during the Spring-Summer period, and using little technology, without fertilization or pest control. The 40 accessions correspond to seven races and seven interracial crosses. The most frequent maize races were Ratón and Cónico Norteño, especially in dry areas with little rain. Races Celaya, Tablilla de Ocho and Elotes Cónicos found in this study, had not been previously reported; but the Tabloncillo and Olotillo races that had previously been reported were no longer found. Three collections stood out for producing large ears with large kernels, thus having a high yield potential. Native maize harvested in dryland areas might offer advantages to be grown under harsh environments.Objective: To analyze the race diversity and geographic distribution of the native maize landraces currently cropped at southern Nuevo León, México. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data was obtained from 41 accessions which represent the commercial production in the dry land area, where fertilization and pest control are scarcely used. Landraces were classified according to the CONABIO guidelines for ear traits. Results: The measured accessions correspond to seven maize races and to seven interracial crosses. The two most frequent maize races were Ratón and Cónico Norteño, mostly located in the dry areas with less rain. Study Limitations/Implications: Three races, Celaya, Tablilla de Ocho and Elotes Cónicos, had not been previously reported; while two formerly reported races Tabloncillo and Olotillo, were no longer found. This study did not include the grain-colored accessions. Findings/Conclusions: Three collections stood out for producing large ears with large kernels, thus showing a high yield potential. The maize landraces harvested in dryland areas might offer advantages to be grown under harsh environments or be used as gene donors for drought tolerance

Gluten proteins and rheology of Mexican bread wheats as affected by environmental and genotypic factors

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of environmental and genotypic factors on industrial quality and on the monomeric and polymeric protein contents and ratio of 24 rainfed bread wheat recombinant lines. The cultivation was done in five environmental conditions generated by agronomic management in the autumn-winter 2006/2007 cycle, at Roque, Guanajuato, Mexico. The mixing time (TMA), strength (ALVW) and extensibility (ALVPL) of the dough, gliadin (50PS) and glutenin (50PI) rich fractions, and their ratio (50PS/50PI), were evaluated. The best combinations of high and low molecular weight glutenins for TMA and ALVW were 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b; 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; and 2*, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b; for ALVPL it was 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; and for 50PS they were 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; and 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b. The 50PS/50PI ratio was higher in genotypes with 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b. TMA is higher when temperature increases, and the best ALVPL is found under normal environmental conditions. Gliadin fraction and the 50PS/50PI ratio are higher when sulphur fertilization is done, and 50PI increases with drought and higher temperatures during grain-filling stage.El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el efecto de factores ambientales y genotípicos sobre los parámetros de calidad industrial y sobre la cantidad y relación de proteínas monoméricas y poliméricas del gluten en 24 líneas recombinantes de trigos harineros de temporal. El cultivo se desarrolló en cinco condiciones ambientales generadas por manejo agronómico, ciclo otoño-invierno 2006/2007, en Roque, Guanajuato, México. Se evaluaron el tiempo de amasado (TMA), fuerza (ALVW), extensibilidad (ALVPL) de la masa, fracción rica en gliadina (50PS) y en glutenina (50PI), y su relación (50PS/50PI). Las mejores combinaciones de gluteninas de alto y bajo peso molecular para TMA y ALVW fueron los genotipos con 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b; 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b, y 2*, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b; para ALVPL, 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; para 50PS, 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; y 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b. La relación 50PS/50PI fue mayor en genotipos con 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b. El TMA es mayor cuando aumenta la temperatura y la mejor ALVPL se obtiene en el ambiente bajo condiciones normales. La fracción 50PS y la relación 50PS/50PI son mayores cuando se realiza la fertilización con azufre, y se obtiene incremento de 50PI con riego limitado y aumento de temperaturas durante el llenado de grano.The objective of this study was to determine the effect of environmental and genotypic factors on industrial quality and on the monomeric and polymeric protein contents and ratio of 24 rainfed bread wheat recombinant lines. The cultivation was done in five environmental conditions generated by agronomic management in the autumn-winter 2006/2007 cycle, at Roque, Guanajuato, Mexico. The mixing time (TMA), strength (ALVW) and extensibility (ALVPL) of the dough, gliadin (50PS) and glutenin (50PI) rich fractions, and their ratio (50PS/50PI), were evaluated. The best combinations of high and low molecular weight glutenins for TMA and ALVW were 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b; 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; and 2*, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3c, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b; for ALVPL it was 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; and for 50PS they were 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b; and 1, 17+18, 5+10/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3h, Glu-D3b. The 50PS/50PI ratio was higher in genotypes with 2*, 17+18, 2+12/Glu-A3e, Glu-B3g, Glu-D3b. TMA is higher when temperature increases, and the best ALVPL is found under normal environmental conditions. Gliadin fraction and the 50PS/50PI ratio are higher when sulphur fertilization is done, and 50PI increases with drought and higher temperatures during grain-filling stage